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HOME >> WORLD PROFILES >> Ethiopia
ETHIOPIA
Acknowledgments
Preface
Country Profile
GEOGRAPHY
SOCIETY
ECONOMY
TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATIONS
GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
NATIONAL SECURITY
Introduction
Chapter 1. Historical Setting
Origins and the Early Periods
The Aksumite State
Ethiopia and the Early Islamic Period
The Zagwe Dynasty
The 'Restoration' of the 'Solomonic' Line
Amhara Ascendancy
The Trials of the Christian Kingdom and the Decline of Imperial Power
Growth of Regional Muslim States
Oromo Migrations and Their Impact
Contact with European Christendom
The Making of Modern Ethiopia
The Reestablishment of the Ethiopian Monarchy
From Tewodros II to Menelik II, 1855-89
The Reign of Menelik II, 1889-1913
The Interregnum
Haile Selassie: The Prewar Period, 1930-36
Italian Rule and World War II
Mussolini's Invasion and the Italian Occupation
Ethiopia in World War II
The Postwar Period, 1945-60: Reform and Opposition
Administrative Change and the 1955 Constitution
The Attempted Coup of 1960 and Its Aftermath
Growth of Secessionist Threats
Discontent in Tigray
The Ogaden and the Haud
Revolution and Military Government
The Establishment of the Derg
The Struggle for Power, 1974-77
Ethiopia's Road to Socialism
The Mengistu Regime and Its Impact
War in the Ogaden and the Turn to the Soviet Union
Eritrean and Tigrayan Insurgencies
Social and Political Changes
Ethiopia in Crisis: Famine and Its Aftermath,1984-88
Government Defeats in Eritrea and Tigray
The People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Changes in Soviet Policy and New International Horizons
Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environment
Physical Setting
Boundaries: International and Administrative
Topography and Drainage
Climate
Population
Urbanization
Resettlement and Villagization
Refugees, Drought, and Famine
Ethiopia's Peoples
Ethnic Groups, Ethnicity, and Language
Ethio-Semitic Language Groups
Cushitic Language Groups
Omotic Language Groups
Nilo-Saharan Language Groups
Occupational Castes
Ethnic and Social Relations
Social Relations
Social System
Rural Society
Urban Society
The Role of Women
Religious Life
Demography and Geography of Religious Affiliation
Ethiopian Orthodox Christianity
Organization of the Church and the Clergy
Faith and Practice
Islam
Local Character of Belief and Practice
Indigenous Religions
Foreign Missions
Education
Education During Imperial Rule
Primary and Secondary Education since 1975
Higher and Vocational Education since 1975
Literacy
Foreign Educational Assistance
Health and Welfare
Chapter 3. The Economy
Growth and Structure of the Economy
Postrevolution Period
Role of Government
The Budgetary Process
Revenue and Expenditures
Banking and Monetary Policy
Labor Force
Unemployment
Labor Unions
Wages and Prices
Agriculture
Land Use and Land Reform
Land Reform
Government Rural Programs
Cooperatives and State Farms
Resettlement and Villagization
Agricultural Production
Major Staple Crops
Livestock
Fishing
Forestry
Government Marketing Operations
Industry and Energy
Industrial Development Policy
Energy Resources
Mining
Transportation and Telecommunications
Roads
Railroads
Ports
Air Transport
Telecommunications
Foreign Trade
Exports
Imports
Balance of Payments and Foreign Assistance
Economic Prospects
Chapter 4. Government and Politics
The Workers' Party of Ethiopia
The Vanguard Party
The 1987 Constitution
The Social Order
Citizenship, Freedoms, Rights, and Duties
National Shengo (National Assembly)
Council of State
The President
Council of Ministers
Judicial System
Regional and Local Government
Peasant Associations
Kebeles
Civil Service
The Politics of Development
The Politics of Drought and Famine
The Politics of Resettlement
The Politics of Villagization
Political Dynamics
Political Participation and Repression
The Eritrean Movement
Eritrea and the Mengistu Regime
The Tigrayan Movement
Other Movements and Fronts
Afar Groups
Somali Groups
Leftist Groups
Mass Media
Foreign Policy
Diplomacy and State Building in Imperial Ethiopia
The Foreign Policy of the Derg
The Derg, the Soviet Union, and the Communist World
The Derg and the West
Ethiopia's Border Politics
Addis Ababa and the Middle East
The Demise of the Military Government
Chapter 5. National Security
Military Tradition in National Life
The Armed Forces
The 1987 Constitution and the Armed Forces
Command and Force Structure
Army
Air Force
Navy
People's Militia
Training
Morale and Discipline
Manpower Considerations
Defense Costs
Foreign Military Assistance
United States
Soviet Union
Cuba
East Germany
North Korea
Israel
External and Internal Opponents
The Eritreans
The Tigray
The Oromo
The Somali
Public Order and Internal Security
The National Police
People's Protection Brigades
Crime and Punishment
Prisons
Human Rights