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HOME >> WORLD PROFILES >> Brazil
Brazil
Foreword
Acknowledgments
Preface
Table A. Selected Acronyms and Abbreviations
Table B. Chronology of Important Events
Country Profile
Country
Society
Economy
Transportation and Communications
Government and Politics
National Security
Introduction
Chapter 1. Historical Setting
The Indigenous Population
Frontier Expansion That Shaped Brazil
Early Colonization
French and Dutch Incursions
The Transition to Kingdom Status
The Empire, 1822-89
The Regency Era, 1831-40
The Republican Era, 1889-1985
The Era of Getúlio Vargas, 1930-54
The Post-Vargas Republic, 1954-64
The Military Republic, 1964-85
Chapter 2. The Society and Its Environment
Size and Location
Soils and Vegetation
Climate
North
Southeast
Center-West
Population
Mortality
Migration and Urbanization
Social Classes
Youth
Race and Ethnicity
Rural Groups
The Brazilian Way
Language
Family and Kinship
Roman Catholicism
Health Status and Health Care
Infectious and Chronic Diseases
The Health Care System
Public Health and Welfare
Sanitation and Public Utilities
Education
Primary and Secondary Schools
Principal Research Libraries
Conflict and Nonviolence
Inclusion and Exclusion
Chapter 3. The Economy
The Colonial Period
The Eighteenth-Century Gold Rush
The Coffee Economy, 1840-1930
Import-Substitution Industrialization, 1945-64
Stagnation, 1962-67
Growth with Debt, 1974-80
The 1981-84 Period
The 1990-94 Period
Employment and Earnings
Earnings
Structure of Production
Livestock
Industry
Energy
Petroleum
Nuclear Power
Transportation
Railroads
Airports
Inland Waterways
Telecommunications
Privatization
Exchange Rates and Foreign Trade
Fiscal and Monetary Policy, the Public Sector, and Inflation
Pressures on Public-Sector Expenditures in the 1980s
Brazil's Real Plan
Trade Policies
Trade Patterns and Regional Economic Integration
Economic Outlook
Chapter 4. Government and Politics
Political Culture
Constitutional Framework
Structure of Government
The Legislature
The Judiciary
State and Local Governments
Historical Origins and Evolution
Progressive Renewal Party
Liberal Front Party
Democratic Labor Party
Brazilian Social Democracy Party
Minor Parties in Congress
Party of National Reconstruction
Brazilian Communist Party
Regional Strength of the Parties
Politics
Collor de Mello's Presidency, 1990-92
Cardoso's Presidency, 1995-
The Electoral System
Elections
Congressional and State Elections, 1990
General Elections, 1994
Municipal Elections, 1996
Interest Groups
The Media
Foreign Relations
Foreign Policy Decision Making
Latin America
The Middle East
Asia
Chapter 5. National Security
The Military Role in Society and Government
Military Rebellion and the Revolution of 1930
From Moderator to Director, 1930-85
Civil-Military Relations, 1985-94
Foreign Military Influence
The National Intelligence Service, 1964-90
Defense Industries
The Military Mission since 1988
The Military Role in Counter-Drug Actions
Defense Expenditures
Command and Control
Navy
Air Force
Conscription
Education and Training
Sociology of the Officer Corps
Officer Recruitment
Security Forces
State Police
Crime
Penal Institutions
Chapter 6. Science and Technology
Historical Evolution
Imperial Science
The Search for Alternatives
The Great Leap Forward, 1968-79
The Computer Industry Policy
Administration of Science and Technology
National Council for Scientific and Technological Development
The Coordination of High-Level Personnel Training
Science and Technology in the States
Research and Development
Research in State-Owned Corporations
Centers of Excellence
Nuclear Programs
The Space Program
Missile Programs